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Toward Surname Ancestry Results

Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'toward'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 39 records (displaying 1 to 10): 

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Immorality and heresy in Northumberland and Durham (1626-1638)
Sexual and religious behaviour, marriage and probate were under the purview of the ecclesiastical courts in England at this period, exercised through the individual dioceses and archdeaconries. The diocese of Durham included the whole of county Durham, Northumberland (except for Hexhamshire) and Alston in Cumberland. The High Commission Court dealt with cases from the whole diocese, and a book of court acts from 1628 to 1639, and another of depositions from 1626 to 1638, survived in the dean and chapter library, were edited by W. Hylton Dyer Longstaffe, and published by the Surtees Society in 1858. This is not a complete abstract of the record: there are hundreds of cases for contempt of the ordinary jurisdiction, of which only a few were selected as examples 'in consequence of the rank of the persons proceeded against or other contents of interest'. However, all cases in which the nature of the offence occurs are traced from start to finish, but omitting much of the proceedings in between. The names and ages of all the deponents are recorded.

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Immorality and heresy in Northumberland and Durham
 (1626-1638)
Hertfordshire Sessions (1581-1700)
Incidents from the Hertfordshire Sessions Rolls. These cover a wide range of criminal and civil business for the county, with presentments, petitions, and recognizances to appear as witnesses: many of the records concern the county authorities dealing with regulation of alehouses, religious conventicles, absence from church, highways, poaching, profanation of the Sabbath, exercising trades without due apprenticeship &c. Unlike the Sessions Books, the decisions of the justices are not recorded on the rolls, which serve more as a record of evidence and allegations. Where the date of a roll is given with an asterisk, it indicates that that particular document was not then in the county muniments, but in the archives of the Marquess of Salisbury (whose ancestors had served as Custos Rotulorum) at Hatfield House. This is a calendar of abstracts of extracts: it is by no means a completely comprehensive record of the surviving Hertfordshire sessions rolls of the period, but coverage is good.

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Hertfordshire Sessions
 (1581-1700)
National ArchivesApprentices registered at Durham (1710-1712)
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's father's name and address, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. There are central registers for collections of the stamp duty in London, as well as returns from collectors in the provinces. These collectors generally received duty just from their own county, but sometimes from further afield. May 1710 to January 1712. (The sample entry shown on this scan is taken from a Shropshire return)

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Apprentices registered at Durham
 (1710-1712)
Licences for marriages in southern England (1632-1714)
The province or archbishopric of Canterbury covered all England and Wales except for the northern counties in the four dioceses of the archbishopric of York (York, Durham, Chester and Carlisle). Marriage licences were generally issued by the local dioceses, but above them was the jurisdiction of the archbishop. Where the prospective bride and groom were from different dioceses it would be expected that they obtain a licence from the archbishop; in practice, the archbishop residing at Lambeth, and the actual offices of the province being in London, which was itself split into myriad ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and spilled into adjoining dioceses, this facility was particularly resorted to by couples from London and the home counties, although there are quite a few entries referring to parties from further afield. Three calendars of licences issued by the Faculty Office of the archbishop were edited by George A Cokayne (Clarenceux King of Arms) and Edward Alexander Fry and printed as part of the Index Library by the British Record Society Ltd in 1905. The first calendar is from 14 October 1632 to 31 October 1695 (pp. 1 to 132); the second calendar (awkwardly called Calendar No. 1) runs from November 1695 to December 1706 (132-225); the third (Calendar No. 2) from January 1707 to December 1721, but was transcribed only to the death of queen Anne, 1 August 1714. The calendars give only the dates and the full names of both parties. Where the corresponding marriage allegations had been printed in abstract by colonel Joseph Lemuel Chester in volume xxiv of the Harleian Society (1886), an asterisk is put by the entry in this publication. The licences indicated an intention to marry, but not all licences resulted in a wedding.

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Licences for marriages in southern England
 (1632-1714)
National ArchivesApprentices registered in Northumberland (1720-1723)
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's father's name and address, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. There are central registers for collections of the stamp duty in London, as well as returns from collectors in the provinces. These collectors generally received duty just from their own county, but sometimes from further afield. Because of the delay before some collectors made their returns, this register includes indentures and articles from as early as 1719. (The sample entry shown on this scan is taken from a Norfolk return)

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Apprentices registered in Northumberland
 (1720-1723)
Inhabitants of Newcastle upon Tyne in Northumberland (1790-1797)
The provincial sections of the Universal British Directory include lists of gentry and traders from each town and the surrounding countryside, with names of local surgeons, lawyers, postmasters, carriers, &c. (the sample scan here is from the section for Nottingham). The directory started publication in 1791, but was not completed for some years, and the provincial lists, sent in by local agents, can date back as early as 1790 and as late as 1797.

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Inhabitants of Newcastle upon Tyne in Northumberland
 (1790-1797)
Freemen of Canterbury by Redemption (1392-1800)
No man or woman could trade in the city of Canterbury without having obtained 'freedom' of the city, unless they paid an annual fee to do so. Admissions of freemen were recorded on the Chamberlains' Accounts of the city, which were prepared annually from Lady Day (25 March) to Lady Day until 1752, and thereafter each set runs from 1 January to 31 December. The accounts for 1392 are incomplete, but thereafter until 1800 there is a complete series except for the years 1455 to 1457 and the year 1552-3. Joseph Meadows Cowper, Honorary Librarian to the Corporation, produced this extract of the names from 1392 to 1800, and the volume was privately printed in 1903. There are five groups of freemen: those who obtained freedom after serving out an apprenticeship to a freeman; the children of freemen; those who married a freeman's daughter; those who claimed freedom by 'redemption', i. e. by purchase; and those who were honoured by a gift of the freedom from the Mayor and Court of Aldermen. Cowper published his lists divided into the five categories: the sample scan is from the list of those who obtained freedom by marriage. This is the index to those who gained their freedom by redemption.

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Freemen of Canterbury by Redemption
 (1392-1800)
Free Burgesses of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1832)
The parliamentary election to represent Newcastle-upon-Tyne (with the townships of Benwell, Byker, Heaton, Jesmond and Westgate) took place on 13 and 14 December 1832. Under the Reform Act, the franchise was available to freeholders worth 40s a year or over; copyholders and long leaseholders of £10 or more; short leaseholders and tenants of £50 or more: but limited to adult males. This poll book lists the free burgesses and the householders separately, in each case giving full name, profession, address, and showing whether voting for sir Matthew White Ridley (R.), John Hodgson (H.) or Charles Attwood (A.). Each voter had two votes, but could opt to plump (X) for a single candidate.

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Free Burgesses of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
 (1832)
Householders of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1832)
The parliamentary election to represent Newcastle-upon-Tyne (with the townships of Benwell, Byker, Heaton, Jesmond and Westgate) took place on 13 and 14 December 1832. Under the Reform Act, the franchise was available to freeholders worth 40s a year or over; copyholders and long leaseholders of £10 or more; short leaseholders and tenants of £50 or more: but limited to adult males. This poll book lists the free burgesses and the householders separately, in each case giving full name, profession, address, and showing whether voting for sir Matthew White Ridley (R.), John Hodgson (H.) or Charles Attwood (A.). Each voter had two votes, but could opt to plump (X) for a single candidate.

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Householders of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
 (1832)
South County Durham Poll Book: Darlington District (1832)
A poll for two Knights of the Shire to represent in Parliament the Southern Division of the county palatine of Durham was taken on 21 and 22 December 1832. This poll book sets out all the electors by polling district (Barnard Castle, Bishop Auckland, Darlington, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Sedgefield, Stanhope and Stockton) and gives registered number; full name (surname first); place of abode; nature of qualification (such as House as occupier, Land as occupier, Copyhold Property, &c.); and the name of the parish, township or place where the property is situate. The votes are set out in the right-hand columns, under P. (for Joseph Pearse, jun., esq.), B. (John Bowes, esq.), and S. (Robert Duncombe Shafto, esq.), the three candidates. A voter could choose two candidates, in which case a dash is put in each of the two appropriate columns, or plump for just one - where a star is placed in that candidate's column. This was the first election after the Reform Act, which extended the franchise in the counties to all adult men possessing freehold worth 40s a year or more, or copyhold or long leasehold of £10 or more, or being tenants or short leaseholders of £50 or more.

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South County Durham Poll Book: Darlington District
 (1832)
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